From a viewer experience perspective, blurring, pixelating, inpainting, and avatar are preferable. On the other hand, inpainting, which removes an object or person entirely, and avatar, which replaces content with a graphical representation are effective. Results indicate the two most common obfuscations, blurring and pixelating, are ineffective. Focusing on the latter approach, we introduce privacy-enhancing obfuscations for photos and conduct an online experiment with 271 participants to evaluate their effectiveness against human recognition and how they affect the viewing experience. Meanwhile, encrypted images have high visual quality and can resist some commonly used attacks including differential attack and face detection and the balance between privacy and visual usability is achieved.Ĭurrent collaborative photo privacy protection solutions can be categorized into two approaches: controlling the recipient, which restricts certain viewers' access to the photo, and controlling the content, which protects all or part of the photo from being viewed. The experiments show that the time cost is reduced dozens of times as well as relatively stable compared with the existing schemes. Motivated by this, we deeply analyze the characteristics of TPE and propose a scheme to organically combine TPE with chaotic systems, which reduces the encryption and decryption time exponentially besides ensuring security. On the other hand, a large number of pseudo-random functions with high computational complexity are utilized in the existing TPE schemes, which makes the encryption and decryption time too long. Recently, thumbnail-preserving encryption (TPE) was proposed to balance privacy and usability by preserving the thumbnail unchanged after encrypting. For traditional image encryption, images with rich content and meaning are transformed into noise-like encrypted images without any visual information, which can protect privacy from infringement but at the expense of visual usability.
Privacy concerns may be caused after uploading images into image hosting platforms.
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